IMIA Report – Jan 2015

If you were to try to describe the work of Alabama-based artist Patricia Boinest Potter, you would probably find yourself gravitating toward phrases like “three-dimensional,” “mixed media,” and “inspired by nature” – descriptors, in other words, that are solid, simple, understandable. Of course, these are also terms that tell you almost nothing.

That’s because Potter’s work is, in truth, almost impossible to describe. She calls the pieces she creates isomorphic map tables, and they are multidimensional (multidimensional because several incorporate time as well as space) works that use materials like wood, glass, and wire to interpret a 100-square-mile area of rural Alabama, close to where Potter lives.

Needless to say, these do not look like any maps anyone has ever seen. That’s a bold statement …  

Jonathan Hoefler-one of the best known typographers out there-has designed a new typeface: Obsidian. The 3-D, ornamental font harks back to the days of copper plate engraving, but it’s absolutely a product of computers and algorithms.  Hoefler & Co.

Fonts may live in our computers, but every outline of every letter, number, and symbol in a

typeface is originally crafted by human hand. In the 1800s this happened via a copper plate engraving technique that allowed designers to create extravagant letters by hand, lending a uniqueness to maps and books of the time. These days, typographers use type design software, where letters show up as plotted coordinates that can be painstakingly tweaked in infinitesimal ways-nips and tucks that make, say, Baskerville distinct from Cambria.

“Typeface design doesn’t have rapid prototyping,” says designer Jonathan Hoefler, whose type foundry Hoefler & Co. is behind go-to fonts like Gotham, Gestalt and-yes-Hoefler. But to be sold globally, modern fonts can require more than 600 characters, to cover every language. That means designers hand-tuning individual vectors face a lot of demands. Now imagine creating those 600-and-more characters, but for an ornamental font, where vectors don’t only determine the curves of a “S,” but the three-dimensionality and lighting too.

Professor Mark Maslin

I was recently asked by an incredulous colleague why I was working in a Geography department. I answered that geography was the study of ‘the who, the where, and the how, of the past, present and future’.

I followed this up suggesting our subject has a profound role to play in both understanding and solving the great challenges of the 21st century. Of which I would suggest global inequality, global poverty, global security, environmental degradation and climate change are the most pressing. I hope this gave them a new appreciation of geography because in my opinion, by combining natural and social sciences, geographers are building a body of work that suggests the rules governing our society are not fit for purpose and new governance systems are required to deal with these immense challenges.

Let us investigate the state of our planet, starting with human health. Every year, seven million children die due to preventable disease and starvation. 700 million people go to bed every night feeling hungry and one billion people still do not have access to clean, safe drinking water. This is despite the fact that we have enough food and water for all seven billion people, but our political-economic system means that many people simply cannot afford them.

If we look at the Earth’s major biogeochemical cycles, all have been profoundly altered by humanity. For example, the invention of the Haber-Bosch process allowing the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia for use as fertilizer has altered the global nitrogen cycle so radically that the nearest suggested geological comparison was ~2.5 billion years ago. Human actions have increased atmospheric CO2 by 40 per cent to a level not seen for at least 800,000 years, and may have even delayed the next ice age. This has increased the acidity of the ocean faster than any time in the last 50 million years.

Human action also impacts on non-human life. Global productivity appears relatively constant; however, the appropriation of a third of it for human use reduces that availability for millions of other species. Land use conversion for food, fuel, fiber and fodder, combined with targeted hunting and harvesting, has resulted in species extinctions 100 to 1,000 times higher than background rates, and likely constitutes the beginning of the sixth mass extinction in Earth’s history. We have also moved crops and domesticated animals and pathogens around the world, leading to a unique global homogenization of Earth’s biota.

Considering the huge influence humanity is having on the planet, it would be reasonable to assume that there should be some attempt to manage and distribute fairly the Earth’s resources. However this contradicts the dominant geopolitical and economic philosophy of the West, namely neoliberalism.

Neoliberalism encapsulates a set of beliefs which include: the need for markets to be free, State intervention being as small as possible, strong private property rights, low taxation, and individualism. Underlying neoliberalism is the seductive view that it provides market-based solutions to all our ills, and enables everyone to become more wealthy. This trickle down effect has been the central mantra of neoliberals for the last 35 years. Currently there are 3.5 billion people who live on less than $3.25 per day. In fact, according to Oxfam, the 85 richest people in the world currently own the same wealth as the 3.5 billion poorest people. If we want to eradicate extreme poverty and bring the very poorest people in the world up to $1.25 per day, at current rates of trickle down it would require global GDP to increase by 15 times, taking over 100 years. Under the current economic system, this would require a huge increase in consumption levels. So the neoliberal nightmare is that to lift people out of poverty, we need to make and consume more stuff. This all requires cheap energy, which will mainly come from fossil fuels, which accelerates climate change driving deforestation and environmental degradation, making those poorest of people more vulnerable.

So the geographic understanding of the world’s current and future social and environmental challenges suggests the very economic theories that have dominated global economics for the last 35 years are not fit for purpose. What is required is proactive and aggressive redistribution of wealth, both within and between countries. This could be via provisioning of free essential services, such as access to clean water, health care and education. Progressive taxation is essential to rebalance inequalities and this in turn reduces costs, as it has been shown that small social divisions within a country lower the health care costs and raise longevity. Outdated institutions need to be dismantled and governance structures fit for the 21st century created to accelerate sustainable development.

This is where ‘geography’ can make a difference by envisioning new political systems of governance, enabling collective action and with more equal distribution of wealth, resources and opportunities.

Mark Maslin is Professor of Physical Geography at University College London and a Fellow of the RGS-IBG

This story was published in the January 2015 edition of Geographical Magazine

From 14 to 18 October 2015 the book industry meets in Frankfurt for the 67th time.There are plenty of good reasons to come in 2015 because…

• Here is where the entire industry gathers
• Here is where trends and new business segments are discovered
• Here you can take part in the international Self-Publishing and Author Programme